The problem of a person’s relationship to his homeland, small homeland. Based on the text by A.N. Tolstoy. The problem of the role of the Motherland, love for it (Unified State Exam in Russian) The problem of the native land arguments

You will need

• Text by A.N. Tolstoy “In years of peace, a man, in contentment and happiness, like a bird bathing in the sky, can fly far from his nest and even seem to him as if the whole world is his homeland.”

Instructions

Reading the text and thinking about the issue addressed in the original text by the author is what the student must do first. In the text by A.N. Tolstoy “In years of peace, a person, in contentment and happiness, like a bird bathing in the sky, can fly far from its nest...” speaks about the Motherland, about the role it plays in a person’s life. You can write about the relevance of this issue. Therefore, we formulate the problem as follows: “Soviet writer A.N. Tolstoy considers the question of the role of the Motherland in human life. This is one of the pressing issues that will never lose its importance.”

We make comments based on proposals that relate specifically to the problem. It is advisable to delve into the order of the author’s thoughts:

1.makes assumptions about how people may relate at different times;

2.explains how he understands the word “Motherland” and its past;

3.explains what the greatness of the Russian land is and what the Motherland gives to man.

In an essay, a commentary may look like this: “First, the writer reflects on at what time and how a person relates to the Motherland. In difficult times for the Motherland, everyone unites, because we cannot survive alone. Explaining the meaning of the concept “land of Ottic and Dedich,” the author leads the reader to understand who we are and where the Russian land came from. Next thoughts of A.N. Tolstoy - about the greatness of the Russian land and the role it plays in human life.”

We reveal the author's position. We find evidence of what the author considers important and what he claims.
Why does the Motherland play a big role in a person’s life? Because it gives faith in the future, strengthens one’s moral state, teaches one to honor one’s ancestors and overcome obstacles.
The author’s attitude to the problem under consideration can be formulated as follows: “The author believes that the Motherland gives a person faith in his future and the future of his descendants, that, living in the Motherland, a person unshakably believes that his place on earth is legitimate and inviolable. The native language and native literature strengthened a person’s moral foundations, helped him to be strong and freedom-loving. Native customs and rituals taught people to honor their ancestors. The classic phrase of the ancestor: “Nothing, we can handle it...” helped many generations to survive and overcome all adversity.”

Do you agree with the author's opinion or not? The choice is up to the writer. Additional thoughts about the small Motherland are possible.
For example, consent can be formalized as follows: “I share the opinion of the author. A person should have a place on Earth where he feels good, where he rests his soul, where people dear to him are next to him. To feel your real place on Earth, you need to have roots and not forget about them.”

As reader argument No. 1, we recommend using a prose poem by I.S. Turgenev "Russian language".
Reader argument No. 1 might look like this: “Thinking about the country in which you were born and grew up saves a person from bad thoughts. For example, I.S. Turgenev, living abroad, was always mentally on Bezhin Meadow. Therefore, it was abroad that he created many works associated with his native places, with native images. And the Russian language, as a part of the Motherland, healed his soul. In the prose poem “Russian Language,” he admitted that in the days of painful thoughts, his native language was his support.”

For reader argument No. 2, you can take events from the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons".
Reader's argument No. 2 can be written like this: “The writer I.S. tells about what the small homeland gives to Arkady Kirsanov, one of the heroes of the novel “Fathers and Sons.” Turgenev. The young man likes his father's estate. He says how wonderful the air is here, how nice it smells. Arkady believes that there is no better place anywhere in the world than these regions. The father agrees with his son's opinion. Arkady Kirsanov is happy at home. It’s sweet for him to fall asleep here on a familiar bed. He remembers the tender, kind and tireless hands of his nanny. Arkady Kirsanov is resting his soul in his small homeland.”

To write a conclusion, summarize the thoughts that a person should have a favorite place, where he feels good, where he is proud of many things, where inspiration comes to him.
The conclusion in the essay can be formatted as follows: “So, the Motherland for a person is a favorite place where a person is truly happy, where he finds the meaning of life, where knowledge about the life of his ancestors fills him with pride. The homeland inspires a person, and he creates creations. Probably, the role of the Motherland in a person’s life cannot be measured by any units of measurement.”

Problems 1. Education and culture 2. Human upbringing 3. The role of science in modern life 4. Man and scientific progress 5. Spiritual consequences of scientific discoveries 6. The struggle between new and old as a source of development Affirmative theses 1. Knowledge of the world cannot be stopped by anything. 2. Scientific progress should not outstrip human moral capabilities. 3. The purpose of science is to make people happy. Quotes 1. We can as much as we know (Heraclitus, ancient Greek philosopher). 2. Not every change is development (ancient philosophers). 3. We were civilized enough to build a machine, but too primitive to use it (K. Kraus, German scientist). 4. We left the caves, but the cave has not yet left us (A. Regulsky). Arguments Scientific progress and human moral qualities 1) The uncontrolled development of science and technology worries people more and more. Let's imagine a baby dressed in his father's costume. He is wearing a huge jacket, long trousers, a hat that slides down over his eyes... Doesn't this picture remind you of a modern man? Without having time to grow morally, mature, mature, he became the owner of powerful technology that is capable of destroying all life on Earth. 2) Humanity has achieved enormous success in its development: a computer, a telephone, a robot, a conquered atom... But a strange thing: the stronger a person becomes, the more anxious the expectation of the future. What will happen to us? Where are we going? Let's imagine an inexperienced driver driving his brand new car at breakneck speed. How pleasant it is to feel the speed, how pleasant it is to realize that a powerful motor is subject to your every movement! But suddenly the driver realizes with horror that he cannot stop his car. Humanity is like this young driver who rushes into an unknown distance, not knowing what lurks there, around the bend. 3) In ancient mythology there is a legend about Pandora's Box. A woman discovered a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this item was fraught with terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. This myth sounds a warning to all of humanity: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending. 4) In M. Bulgakov’s story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a “dog’s heart” is not yet a person, because there is no soul in it, no love, honor, nobility. 5) “We boarded the plane, but we don’t know where it will land!” - wrote the famous Russian writer Yu. Bondarev. These words sound a warning addressed to all humanity. Indeed, we are sometimes very careless, we do something, “get on a plane,” without thinking about what the consequences of our hasty decisions and thoughtless actions will be. And these consequences can be fatal. 6) The press reported that the elixir of immortality would appear very soon. Death will be completely defeated. But for many people this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. How will this immortality turn out for a person? 7) There are still ongoing debates about how morally legitimate experiments related to human cloning are. Who will be born as a result of this cloning? What kind of creature will this be? Human? Cyborg? Means of production? 8) It is naive to believe that some kind of bans or strikes can stop scientific and technological progress. For example, in England, during a period of rapid development of technology, a movement of Luddites began, who in despair broke cars. People could be understood: many of them lost their jobs after machines began to be used in factories. But the use of technological advances ensured an increase in productivity, so the performance of the followers of the apprentice Ludd was doomed. Another thing is that with their protest they forced society to think about the fate of specific people, about the penalty that has to be paid for moving forward. 9) One science fiction story tells how the hero, finding himself in the house of a famous scientist, saw a vessel in which his double, a genetic copy, was preserved in alcohol. The guest was amazed at the immorality of this act: “How could you create a creature similar to yourself and then kill it?” And they heard in response: “Why do you think that I created it? It was he who created me!” 10) Nicolaus Copernicus, after much research, came to the conclusion that the center of our Universe is not the Earth, but the Sun. But the scientist for a long time did not dare to publish data about his discovery, because he understood that such news would change people’s ideas about the world order. and this can lead to unpredictable consequences. 11) Today we have not yet learned to treat many deadly diseases, hunger has not yet been defeated, and the most pressing problems have not been solved. However, technically, man is already capable of destroying all life on the planet. At one time, the Earth was inhabited by dinosaurs - huge monsters, real killing machines. Over the course of evolution, these giant reptiles disappeared. Will humanity repeat the fate of dinosaurs? 12) There have been cases in history when some secrets that could cause harm to humanity were destroyed deliberately. In particular, in 1903, the Russian professor Filippov, who invented a method of transmitting shock waves from an explosion by radio over a long distance, was found dead in his laboratory. After this, by order of Nikolai P, all documents were confiscated and burned, and the laboratory was destroyed. It is not known whether the king was guided by the interests of his own security or the future of humanity, but such means of transmitting the power of an atomic or hydrogen explosion would have been truly disastrous for the population of the globe. 13) Recently newspapers reported that a church under construction in Batumi was demolished. A week later, the district administration building collapsed. Seven people died under the rubble. Many residents perceived these events not as a mere coincidence, but as a dire warning that society had chosen the wrong path. 14) In one of the Ural cities they decided to blow up an abandoned church so that it would be easier to extract marble at this place. When the explosion occurred, it turned out that the marble slab was cracked in many places and became unusable. This example clearly shows that the thirst for short-term gain leads a person to meaningless destruction. Laws of social development. Man and power 1) History knows many unsuccessful attempts to forcefully make a person happy. If freedom is taken away from people, then heaven turns into a prison. The favorite of Tsar Alexander 1, General Arakcheev, when creating military settlements at the beginning of the 19th century, pursued good goals. Peasants were forbidden to drink vodka, they were supposed to go to church at the prescribed hours, children were supposed to be sent to schools, and they were forbidden to be punished. It would seem that everything is correct! But people were forced to be good. they were forced to love, work, study... And the man deprived of freedom, turned into a slave, rebelled: a wave of general protest arose, and Arakcheev’s reforms were curtailed. 2) They decided to help one African tribe that lived in the equatorial zone. Young Africans were taught to beg for rice; they were given tractors and seeders. A year has passed - we came to see how the tribe, gifted with new knowledge, lives. Imagine the disappointment when they saw that the tribe lived and still lives in a primitive communal system: they sold tractors to farmers, and with the proceeds they organized a national holiday. This example is eloquent evidence that a person must mature to understand his needs; no one can be made rich, smart and happy by force. 3) In one kingdom there was a severe drought, people began to die of hunger and thirst. The king turned to the soothsayer, who came to them from distant countries. He predicted that the drought would end as soon as a stranger was sacrificed. Then the king ordered to kill the soothsayer and throw him into the well. The drought ended, but since then a constant hunt for foreign wanderers began. 4) The historian E. Tarle in one of his books talks about Nicholas I’s visit to Moscow University. When the rector introduced him to the best students, Nicholas 1 said: “I don’t need smart people, but I need novices.” The attitude towards wise men and novices in various fields of knowledge and art eloquently testifies to the character of society. 5) In 1848, the tradesman Nikifor Nikitin was exiled to the distant settlement of Baikonur “for seditious speeches about flying to the moon.” Of course, no one could know that a century later, in this very place, in the Kazakh steppe, a cosmodrome would be built and spaceships would fly to where the prophetic eyes of an enthusiastic dreamer looked. Man and cognition 1) Ancient historians say that one day a stranger came to the Roman emperor and brought him a gift of metal as shiny as silver, but extremely soft. The master said that he extracts this metal from clayey soil. The emperor, fearing that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor's head to be cut off. 2) Archimedes, knowing that people were suffering from drought and hunger, proposed new ways to irrigate lands. Thanks to his discovery, crop yields increased sharply and people stopped being afraid of hunger. 3) The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died from blood poisoning. 4) One English engineer in the mid-19th century proposed an improved cartridge. But officials from the military department arrogantly told him: “We are already strong, only the weak need to improve weapons.” 5) The famous scientist Jenner, who defeated smallpox with the help of vaccinations, was prompted by the words of an ordinary peasant woman to come up with a brilliant idea. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this the woman calmly replied: “It can’t be, because I already had cowpox.” The doctor did not consider these words to be the result of dark ignorance, but began to make observations that led to a brilliant discovery. 6) The early Middle Ages are usually called the “dark ages”. The raids of barbarians and the destruction of ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among common people, but also among people of the upper class. For example, the founder of the Frankish state, Charlemagne, did not know how to write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherently human. The same Charlemagne, during his campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, he painstakingly wrote letters. 7) For thousands of years, ripe apples fell from trees, but no one attached any significance to this common phenomenon. The great Newton had to be born in order to look at a familiar fact with new, more insightful eyes and discover the universal law of motion. 8) It is impossible to calculate how many disasters their ignorance has brought to people. In the Middle Ages, any misfortune: the illness of a child, the death of livestock, rain, drought, poor harvest, the loss of something - everything was explained by the machinations of evil spirits. A brutal witch hunt began and fires started burning. Instead of curing diseases, improving agriculture, and helping each other, people spent enormous energy on a meaningless fight against the mythical “servants of Satan,” not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, their dark ignorance they were serving the Devil. 9) It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in the development of a person. An interesting legend is about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian. Once having a conversation with an unfamiliar young man, Socrates asked him where to go for flour and butter. Young Xenophon answered smartly: “To the market.” Socrates asked: “What about wisdom and virtue?” The young man was surprised. “Follow me, I’ll show you!” - Socrates promised. And the long-term path to the truth connected the famous teacher and his student with strong friendship. 10) The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes over a person so much that it forces him to change his life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The brilliant Faraday began his career as a peddler in a shop. And Coulon worked as an engineer on fortifications and devoted only his free time to physics. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life. 11) New ideas make their way through a difficult struggle with old views and established opinions. Thus, one of the professors, giving lectures on physics to students, called Einstein’s theory of relativity “an annoying scientific misunderstanding” - 12) At one time, Joule used a voltaic battery to start an electric motor he had assembled from it. But the battery charge soon ran out, and a new one was very expensive. Joule decided that the horse would never be replaced by the electric motor, since it was much cheaper to feed a horse than to change the zinc in a battery. Today, when electricity is used everywhere, the opinion of an outstanding scientist seems naive to us. This example shows that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to survey the opportunities that will open up for a person. 13) In the mid-17th century, from Paris to the island of Martinique, Captain de Clieu carried a coffee stalk in a pot with soil. The voyage was very difficult: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm almost broke it against the rocks. At the trial, no masts were broken, no rigging was broken. Fresh water supplies gradually began to dry up. It was given out in strictly measured portions. The captain, barely able to stand on his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious moisture to the green sprout... Several years passed, and coffee trees covered the island of Martinique. This story allegorically reflects the difficult path of any scientific truth. A person carefully nurtures in his soul the sprout of an as yet unknown discovery, waters it with the moisture of hope and inspiration, shelters it from everyday storms and storms of despair. .. And here it is - the saving shore of final insight. The ripened tree of truth will give seeds, and entire plantations of theories, monographs, scientific laboratories, and technical innovations will cover the continents of knowledge.

How strongly people influence a person, his feelings. He experiences all the suffering of his people and sympathizes with them.

In this text V.P. Astafiev solves the problem of love for his native people.

V.P. Astafiev believes that love for one’s native people is expressed precisely through sympathy for them. The fact is that a person passes through himself all the troubles of the people, their torment and suffering.

M. Gorky wrote very emotionally and expressively about the problem of love for one’s native people in his story “The Old Woman Izergil.” The main character, the old woman Izergil, tells the legend of Danko. The young man had a warm, bright heart, in which there was so much love that he was even able to light the way for his people when they got lost in a dark forest. Danko tore his heart out of his chest to help people, without thinking about himself at all. I believe that he acted like a true hero who was able to sacrifice himself for the sake of others, for the sake of his people.

Another example is the heroism of people during the Time of Troubles in the seventeenth century. At this time, chaos reigned in Rus': there was no stable government, there were uprisings and constant discontent among citizens. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth took advantage of this situation, the goal of which was to place the Polish Tsar on the Russian throne. The Russian people, seeing how the country was dying and would soon come under the power of the Polish government, created a militia, headed by the famous Minin and Pozharsky, with the goal of expelling the Polish intervention from the territory of Rus'. It is no coincidence that November 4 is celebrated in our country as the day of national unity, because in these difficult times for the country, people united as one whole, into one army, to protect their homeland from the enemy, which shows absolute love for their people.

Thus, indeed, love for the people is a very strong feeling, which sometimes pushes us to great deeds. And, of course, it is part of the person himself, because we exist within the people and live all the troubles and joys with them.

Updated: 2017-04-23

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Useful material on the topic

• True and false patriotism is one of the central problems of the novel. Tolstoy’s favorite heroes do not speak high words about love for their homeland, they commit actions in its name. Natasha Rostova persuades her mother to give carts to the wounded at Borodino; Prince Bolkonsky was mortally wounded on the Borodino field. True patriotism, according to Tolstoy, lies in ordinary Russian people, soldiers who, in a moment of mortal danger, give their lives for their Motherland.
• In the novel L.N. In Tolstoy's War and Peace, some heroes consider themselves patriots and shout loudly about love for the fatherland. Others give their lives in the name of common victory. These are simple Russian men in soldiers' overcoats, soldiers from Tushin's battery, who fought without cover. True patriots do not think about their own benefits. They feel the need to simply defend the land from enemy invasion. They have in their souls a genuine, holy feeling of love for their homeland.

N.S. Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer"

According to N.S.’s definition, a Russian person belongs. Leskova, “racial”, patriotic, consciousness. All the actions of the hero of the story “The Enchanted Wanderer,” Ivan Flyagin, are imbued with it. While being captured by the Tatars, he does not forget for a minute that he is Russian, and with all his soul strives to return to his homeland. Taking pity on the unfortunate old people, Ivan voluntarily joins the recruits. The hero's soul is inexhaustible, indestructible. He comes out of all life's trials with honor.

V.P. Astafiev
In one of his journalistic articles, writer V.P. Astafiev spoke about how he vacationed in a southern sanatorium. Plants collected from all over the world grew in the seaside park. But suddenly he saw three birch trees that miraculously took root in a foreign land. The author looked at these trees and remembered his village street. Love for your small homeland is a manifestation of true patriotism.

The legend of Pandora's box.
A woman discovered a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this item was fraught with terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. This myth sounds a warning to all of humanity: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending.

M. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog"
In M. Bulgakov's story, Professor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a “dog’s heart” is not yet a person, because there is no soul in it, no love, honor, nobility.

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace".
The problem is revealed through the example of the images of Kutuzov, Napoleon, Alexander I. A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, and who knows how to understand them at the right moment is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are simple people in the novel, who fulfill their duty without high-sounding phrases.

A. Kuprin. "Wonderful doctor."
A man, exhausted by poverty, is ready to commit suicide in despair, but the famous doctor Pirogov, who happens to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate man, and from that moment the life of the hero and his family changes in the most happy way. This story eloquently shows that the actions of one person can affect the destinies of other people.

And S. Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons".
A classic work that shows the problem of misunderstanding between the older and younger generations. Evgeny Bazarov feels like a stranger to both the elder Kirsanov and his parents. And, although by his own admission he loves them, his attitude brings them grief.

L. N. Tolstoy. Trilogy “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, "Youth".
Striving to understand the world, to become an adult, Nikolenka Irtenev gradually gets to know the world, understands that much in it is imperfect, faces misunderstandings from her elders, and sometimes offends them (chapters “Classes”, “Natalya Savishna”)

K. G. Paustovsky “Telegram”.
The girl Nastya, living in Leningrad, receives a telegram that her mother is sick, but matters that seem important to her do not allow her to go to her mother. When she, realizing the magnitude of the possible loss, comes to the village, it turns out to be too late: her mother is no longer there...

V. G. Rasputin “French Lessons.”
Teacher Lydia Mikhailovna from the story by V. G. Rasputin taught the hero not only lessons French, but also lessons of kindness, empathy, compassion. She showed the hero how important it is to be able to share someone else’s pain with a person, how important it is to understand another.

An example from history.

The teacher of the great Emperor Alexander II was the famous poet V. Zhukovsky. It was he who instilled in the future ruler a sense of justice, a desire to benefit his people, and a desire to carry out the reforms necessary for the state.

V. P. Astafiev. "A horse with a pink mane."
Difficult pre-war years of the Siberian village. The formation of the hero's personality under the influence of the kindness of his grandparents.

V. G. Rasputin “French Lessons”

• The formation of the personality of the main character during the difficult war years was influenced by the teacher. Her spiritual generosity is limitless. She instilled in him moral fortitude and self-esteem.

L.N. Tolstoy “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth”
In the autobiographical trilogy, the main character, Nikolenka Irtenyev, comprehends the world of adults and tries to analyze her own and others’ actions.

Fazil Iskander “The Thirteenth Labor of Hercules”

An intelligent and competent teacher has a huge influence on the formation of a child's character.

And A. Goncharov “Oblomov”
The atmosphere of laziness, unwillingness to learn, to think disfigures the soul of little Ilya. In adulthood, these shortcomings prevented him from finding the meaning of life.

The lack of a goal in life and the habit of working have formed a “superfluous person,” a “reluctant egoist.”

The lack of a goal in life and the habit of working have formed a “superfluous person,” a “reluctant egoist.” Pechorin admits that he brings misfortune to everyone. Wrong upbringing disfigures the human personality.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Education and learning are fundamental aspects of human life. Chatsky, the main character of the comedy A.S., expressed his attitude towards them in monologues. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". He criticized nobles who recruited “teachers of the regiment” for their children, but as a result of literacy, no one “knew or studied.” Chatsky himself had a mind “hungry for knowledge,” and therefore turned out to be unnecessary in the society of Moscow nobles. These are the flaws of improper upbringing.

B. Vasiliev “My horses are flying”
Dr. Jansen died saving children who had fallen into a sewer pit. The man, who was revered as a saint during his lifetime, was buried by the entire city.

Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
Margarita's self-sacrifice for her beloved.

V.P. Astafiev "Lyudochka"
In the episode with the dying man, when everyone left him, only Lyudochka felt sorry for him. And after his death, everyone only pretended that they felt sorry for him, everyone except Lyudochka. A verdict on a society in which people are deprived of human warmth.

M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”
The story tells about tragic fate a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.

V. Hugo "Les Miserables"
The writer in the novel tells the story of a thief. After spending the night in the bishop's house, in the morning this thief stole silverware from him. But an hour later the police detained the criminal and took him to a house where he was given lodging for the night. The priest said that this man did not steal anything, that he took all the things with the owner’s permission. The thief, amazed by what he heard, in one minute experienced a true rebirth, and after that he became an honest man.

Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince"
There is an example of fair power: “But he was very kind, and therefore gave only reasonable orders. “If I order my general to turn into a sea gull,” he used to say, “and if the general does not carry out the order, it will not be his fault, but mine.” .

A. I. Kuprin. "Garnet bracelet"
The author claims that nothing is permanent, everything is temporary, everything passes and goes away. Only music and love affirm true values ​​on earth.

Fonvizin "Nedorosl"
They say that many noble children, having recognized themselves in the image of the slacker Mitrofanushka, experienced a true rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up as worthy sons of their homeland.

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"

• What is the greatness of a person? It is where goodness, simplicity and justice are. This is exactly how L.N. created it. Tolstoy's image of Kutuzov in the novel "War and Peace". The writer calls him a truly great man. Tolstoy takes his favorite heroes away from “Napoleonic” principles and puts them on the path of rapprochement with the people. “Greatness is not where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth,” the writer asserted. This famous phrase has a modern ring to it.
• One of the central problems of the novel is the role of personality in history. This problem is revealed in the images of Kutuzov and Napoleon. The writer believes that there is no greatness where there is no goodness and simplicity. According to Tolstoy, a person whose interests coincide with the interests of the people can influence the course of history. Kutuzov understood the moods and desires of the masses, therefore he was great. Napoleon thinks only about his greatness, therefore he is doomed to defeat.

I. Turgenev. "Notes of a Hunter"
People, having read bright, vivid stories about peasants, realized that it was immoral to own people like cattle. A broad movement for the abolition of serfdom began in the country.

Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”
After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. M. Sholokhov's story “The Fate of a Man,” which shows the bitter fate of a soldier, forced society to take a different look at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.

A.S. Pushkin
Speaking about the role of the individual in history, we can recall the poetry of the great A. Pushkin. He influenced more than one generation with his gift. He saw and heard things that an ordinary person did not notice and did not understand. The poet spoke about the problems of spirituality in art and its high purpose in the poems “Prophet”, “Poet”, “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands”. Reading these works, you understand: talent is not only a gift, but also a heavy burden, a great responsibility. The poet himself was an example of civic behavior for subsequent generations.

V.M. Shukshin "Weird"
“Crank” is an absent-minded person who may seem ill-mannered. And what prompts him to do strange things are positive, selfish motives. The weirdo reflects on problems that concern humanity at all times: what is the meaning of life? What is good and evil? Who is “right, who is smarter” in this life? And with all his actions he proves that he is right, and not those who think

I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
This is the image of a person who only wanted. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children... But he did not have the strength to make these desires come true, so his dreams remained dreams.

M. Gorky in the play “At the Lower Depths”.
Showed the drama of “former people” who have lost the strength to fight for themselves. They hope for something good, understand that they need to live better, but do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the play begins in a rooming house and ends there.

From the history

• Ancient historians say that one day a stranger came to the Roman emperor and brought him a gift of metal as shiny as silver, but extremely soft. The master said that he extracts this metal from clay soil. The emperor, fearing that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor’s head to be cut off.
• Archimedes, knowing that people were suffering from drought and hunger, proposed new methods of irrigating land. Thanks to his discovery, productivity increased sharply, people stopped being afraid of hunger.
• The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died from blood poisoning.
• One English engineer in the mid-19th century proposed an improved cartridge. But officials from the military department arrogantly told him: “We are already strong, only the weak need to improve weapons.”
• The famous scientist Jenner, who defeated smallpox with the help of vaccinations, was inspired by the words of an ordinary peasant woman. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this the woman calmly replied: “It can’t be, because I already had cowpox.” The doctor did not consider these words to be the result of dark ignorance, but began to make observations, which led to a brilliant discovery.
• The early Middle Ages are usually called the “dark ages.” The raids of barbarians and the destruction of ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among common people, but also among people of the upper class. For example, the founder of the French state, Charlemagne, did not know how to write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherently human. The same Charlemagne, during his campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, he carefully wrote letters.
• For thousands of years, ripe apples fell from the trees, but no one attached any significance to this common phenomenon. The great Newton had to be born in order to look at a familiar fact with new, more penetrating eyes and discover the universal law of motion.
• It is impossible to calculate how many disasters their ignorance has brought to people. In the Middle Ages, every misfortune: the illness of a child, the death of livestock, rain, drought, crop failure, the loss of something - everything was explained by the machinations of evil spirits. A brutal witch hunt began and fires started burning. Instead of curing diseases, improving agriculture, and helping each other, people spent enormous energy on a meaningless fight against the mythical “servants of Satan,” not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, their dark ignorance they were serving the Devil.
• It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in the development of a person. An interesting legend is about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian. Once, having talked with an unfamiliar young man, Socrates asked him where to go for flour and butter. Young Xenophon answered smartly: “To the market.” Socrates asked: “What about wisdom and virtue?” The young man was surprised. “Follow me, I’ll show you!” - Socrates promised. And the long-term path to the truth connected the famous teacher and his student with strong friendship.
• The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes over a person so much that it forces him to change his life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The brilliant Faraday began his career as a peddler in a shop. And Coulomb worked as an engineer on fortifications and devoted only his free time to physics. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life.
• New ideas make their way in a difficult struggle with old views and established opinions. Thus, one of the professors, lecturing students on physics, called Einstein’s theory of relativity “an annoying scientific misunderstanding” -
• At one time, Joule used a voltaic battery to start an electric motor he had assembled from it. But the battery charge soon ran out, and a new one was very expensive. Joule decided that the horse would never be supplanted by the electric motor, since feeding a horse was much cheaper than changing the zinc in a battery. Today, when electricity is used everywhere, the opinion of an outstanding scientist seems naive to us. This example shows that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to survey the opportunities that will open up for a person.
• In the mid-17th century, Captain de Clieu carried a coffee cutting in a pot of soil from Paris to the island of Martinique. The voyage was very difficult: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm almost broke it against the rocks. On the ship, the masts were not broken, the rigging was broken. Fresh water supplies gradually began to dry up. It was given out in strictly measured portions. The captain, barely able to stand on his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious moisture to the green sprout... Several years passed, and coffee trees covered the island of Martinique.

I. Bunin in the story “The Gentleman from San Francisco.”
Showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed the man by: he died without ever knowing what life was.

Yesenin. "Black man".
The poem “Black Man” is the cry of Yesenin’s dying soul, it is a requiem for the life left behind. Yesenin, like no one else, was able to tell what life does to a person.

Mayakovsky. "Listen."
Internal conviction in the correctness of his moral ideals separated Mayakovsky from other poets, from the usual flow of life. This isolation gave rise to a spiritual protest against the philistine environment, where there were no high spiritual ideals. The poem is a cry from the poet’s soul.

Zamyatin "Cave".
The hero comes into conflict with himself, a split occurs in his soul. His spiritual values ​​are dying. He violates the commandment “Thou shalt not steal.”

V. Astafiev “The Tsar is a Fish.”

• In V. Astafiev’s story “The Fish Tsar,” the main character, fisherman Utrobin, having caught a huge fish on a hook, is unable to cope with it. In order to avoid death, he is forced to release her. A meeting with a fish that symbolizes the moral principle in nature forces this poacher to reconsider his ideas about life. In moments of desperate struggle with the fish, he suddenly remembers his whole life, realizing how little he has done for other people. This meeting morally changes the hero.
• Nature is alive and spiritual, endowed with moral and punitive power, it is capable of not only defending itself, but also taking retribution. An illustration of punitive power is the fate of Gosha Gertsev, the hero of Astafiev’s story “The Tsar is a Fish.” This hero is not punished for his arrogant cynicism towards people and nature. Punishing power extends not only to individual heroes. An imbalance poses a threat to all of humanity if it does not come to its senses in its intentional or forced cruelty.

I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons."

• People forget that nature is their native and only home, which requires careful treatment, which is confirmed in the novel by I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons.” The main character, Evgeny Bazarov, is known for his categorical position: “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it.” This is exactly how the Author sees a “new” person in him: he is indifferent to the values ​​accumulated by previous generations, lives in the present and uses everything he needs, without thinking about what consequences this may lead to.
• I. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” raises the current topic of the relationship between nature and man. Bazarov, rejecting any aesthetic pleasure in nature, perceives it as a workshop, and man as a worker. Arkady, Bazarov's friend, on the contrary, treats her with all the admiration inherent in a young soul. In the novel, each hero is tested by nature. For Arkady, communication with the outside world helps to heal mental wounds; for him this unity is natural and pleasant. Bazarov, on the contrary, does not seek contact with her - when Bazarov was feeling bad, he “went into the forest and broke branches.” She does not give him the desired peace of mind or peace of mind. Thus, Turgenev emphasizes the need for a fruitful and two-way dialogue with nature.

M. Bulgakov. "Dog's heart".
Professor Preobrazhensky transplants part of a human brain into the dog Sharik, turning a completely cute dog into the disgusting Polygraph Polygraphovich Sharikov. You cannot mindlessly interfere with nature!

A. Blok
The problem of a thoughtless, cruel person towards the natural world is reflected in many literary works. To fight it, we need to realize and see the harmony and beauty that reigns around us. The works of A. Blok will help with this. With what love he describes Russian nature in his poems! Immense distances, endless roads, deep rivers, blizzards and gray huts. This is Blok’s Russia in the poems “Rus” and “Autumn Day”. The poet's true, filial love for his native nature is transmitted to the reader. You come to the idea that nature is original, beautiful and needs our protection.

B. Vasiliev “Don’t shoot white swans”

• Now, when nuclear power plants are exploding, when oil is flowing through rivers and seas, and entire forests are disappearing, people must stop and think about the question: what will remain on our planet? In B. Vasiliev’s novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans” the author’s idea about human responsibility for nature is also heard. The main character of the novel, Yegor Polushkin, is concerned about the behavior of visiting “tourists” and the lake that has become empty at the hands of poachers. The novel is perceived as a call to everyone to take care of our land and each other.
• The main character Yegor Polushkin loves nature infinitely, always works conscientiously, lives peacefully, but always turns out to be guilty. The reason for this is that Yegor could not disturb the harmony of nature, he was afraid to invade the living world. But people did not understand him; they considered him unsuited to life. He said that man is not the king of nature, but her eldest son. In the end, he dies at the hands of those who do not understand the beauty of nature, who are accustomed only to conquering it. But my son is growing up. Who can replace his father, will respect and take care of his native land.

V. Astafiev “Belogrudka”
In the story "Belogrudka" the children destroyed the brood of a white-breasted marten, and she, mad with grief, takes revenge on the entire world around her, exterminating poultry in two neighboring villages until she herself dies from a gunshot

Ch. Aitmatov “The Scaffold”
Human with my own hands destroys the colorful and populous world of nature. The writer warns that the senseless extermination of animals is a threat to earthly prosperity. The position of the “king” in relation to animals is fraught with tragedy.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

In the novel by A.S. Pushkin’s “Eugene Onegin” the main character could not find spiritual harmony, cope with the “Russian blues”, also because he was indifferent to nature. And the “sweet ideal” of the author, Tatyana, felt like a part of nature (“She loved to warn the sunrise on the balcony ...”) and therefore showed herself to be a spiritually strong person in a difficult life situation.

A.T. Tvardovsky “Forest in Autumn”
Reading Tvardovsky’s poem “Forest in Autumn”, you are imbued with the pristine beauty of the surrounding world and nature. You hear the noise of bright yellow foliage, the crack of a broken branch. You see the light jump of a squirrel. I would like not just to admire, but to try to preserve all this beauty for as long as possible.

L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Natasha Rostova, admiring the beauty of the night in Otradnoye, is ready to fly like a bird: she is inspired by what she sees. She enthusiastically tells Sonya about the wonderful night, about the feelings that overwhelm her soul. Andrei Bolkonsky also knows how to subtly sense the beauty of the surrounding nature. During a trip to Otradnoye, seeing an old oak tree, he compares himself with it, indulging in sad reflections that life has already ended for him. But the changes that subsequently occurred in the hero’s soul are associated with the beauty and grandeur of the mighty tree that blossomed under the rays of the sun.

V. I. Yurovskikh Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh
The writer Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh, in his stories, talks about the unique beauty and wealth of the Trans-Urals, about the natural connection of a village person with the natural world, which is why his story “Ivan’s Memory” is so touching. In this short work, Yurovskikh raises an important issue: the human impact on the environment. Ivan, the main character of the story, planted several willow bushes in a swamp that scared people and animals. Many years later. The nature around has changed: all sorts of birds began to settle in the bushes, a magpie began to build a nest every year and hatch magpies. No one wandered through the forest anymore, because the trail became a guide on how to find the right way. Near the bush you can hide from the heat, drink some water, and just relax. Ivan left a good memory of himself among people, and ennobled the surrounding nature.

M.Yu Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”
The close emotional connection between man and nature can be traced in Lermontov’s story “A Hero of Our Time.” The events in the life of the main character, Grigory Pechorin, are accompanied by changes in the state of nature in accordance with changes in his mood. Thus, considering the duel scene, the gradation of the states of the surrounding world and Pechorin’s feelings is obvious. If before the duel the sky seemed to him “fresh and blue” and the sun “brightly shining,” then after the duel, looking at Grushnitsky’s corpse, the heavenly body seemed “dim” to Grigory, and its rays “did not warm.” Nature is not only the experiences of the heroes, but is also one of the characters. The thunderstorm becomes the reason for a long meeting between Pechorin and Vera, and in one of the diary entries preceding the meeting with Princess Mary, Grigory notes that “the air of Kislovodsk is conducive to love.” With such an allegory, Lermontov not only more deeply and fully reflects the internal state of the heroes, but also denotes his own, the author’s presence by introducing nature as a character.

E. Zamyatina “We”
Turning to classical literature, I would like to cite as an example E. Zamyatin’s dystopian novel “We.” Refusing the natural beginning, the inhabitants of the United State become numbers, whose lives are determined by the framework of the Tablet of Hours. The beauty of native nature is replaced by perfectly proportional glass structures, and love is only possible with a pink card. The main character, D-503, is doomed to mathematically verified happiness, which is found, however, after the removal of fantasy. It seems to me that with such an allegory Zamyatin was trying to express the inextricability of the connection between nature and man.

S. Yesenin “Go away, my dear Rus'”
One of the central themes of the lyrics of the brightest poet of the 20th century S. Yesenin is the nature of his native land. In the poem “Go you, Rus', my dear,” the poet abandons paradise for the sake of his homeland, its flock is higher than eternal bliss, which, judging by other lyrics, he finds only on Russian soil. Thus, feelings of patriotism and love for nature are closely intertwined. The very awareness of their gradual weakening is the first step towards a natural, real peace that enriches the soul and body.

M. Prishvin “Ginseng”
This topic is brought to life by moral and ethical motives. Many writers and poets turned to her. In M. Prishvin’s story “Ginseng” the characters know how to remain silent and listen to silence. For the author, nature is life itself. Therefore, his rock cries, his stone has a heart. It is man who must do everything to ensure that nature exists and does not fall silent. Nowadays this is very important.

I.S. Turgenev "Notes of a Hunter"
I. S. Turgenev expressed his deep and tender love for nature in “Notes of a Hunter.” He did this with penetrating observation. The hero of the story “Kasyan” traveled halfway across the country from the Beautiful Mosque, happily learning and exploring new places. This man felt his inextricable connection with Mother Nature and dreamed that “every person” would live in contentment and justice. It wouldn't hurt us to learn from him.

M. Bulgakov. "Fatal Eggs"
Professor Persikov accidentally breeds giant reptiles instead of large chickens that threaten civilization. Thoughtless interference in the life of nature can lead to such consequences.

Ch. Aitmatov “The Scaffold”
Ch. Aitmatov in his novel “The Scaffold” showed that the destruction of the natural world leads to dangerous human deformation. And this happens everywhere. What is happening in the Moyunkum savannah is a global problem, not a local one.

The closed model of the world in the novel by E.I. Zamyatin "We".
1) The appearance and principles of the United State. 2) The narrator, number D - 503, and his spiritual illness. 3) “The resistance of human nature.” In dystopias, based on the same premises, the world is presented through the eyes of its inhabitant, an ordinary citizen, from the inside, in order to trace and show the feelings of a person undergoing the laws of an ideal state. The conflict between the individual and the totalitarian system becomes the driving force of any dystopia, allowing one to recognize dystopian features in the most diverse works at first glance... The society depicted in the novel has achieved material perfection and stopped in its development, plunging into a state of spiritual and social entropy.

A.P. Chekhov in the story "The Death of an Official"

B. Vasiliev “Not on the lists”
The works make us think about the questions that everyone strives to answer for themselves: what is behind a high moral choice - what are the forces of the human mind, soul, destiny, what helps a person resist, show amazing, amazing vitality, helps to live and die “like a human being”?

M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”
Despite the difficulties and trials that befell the protagonist Andrei Sokolov, he always remained true to himself and his homeland. Nothing broke his spiritual strength or eradicated his sense of duty.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter".

Pyotr Grinev is a man of honor, in any life situation he acts as his honor tells him. Even his ideological enemy, Pugachev, could appreciate the nobility of the hero. That is why he helped Grinev more than once.

L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”.

The Bolkonsky family is the personification of honor and nobility. Prince Andrei always put the laws of honor first and followed them, even if it required incredible effort, suffering, and pain.

Loss of spiritual values

B. Vasiliev "Wilderness"
The events of Boris Vasiliev’s story “Glukhoman” allow us to see how in today’s life the so-called “new Russians” strive to enrich themselves at any cost. Spiritual values ​​have been lost because culture has disappeared from our lives. Society split, and the bank account became the measure of a person’s merit. Moral wilderness began to grow in the souls of people who had lost faith in goodness and justice.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
Shvabrin Alexey Ivanovich, hero of the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" is a nobleman, but he is dishonest: having wooed Masha Mironova and received a refusal, he takes revenge by speaking ill of her; During a duel with Grinev, he stabs him in the back. The complete loss of ideas about honor also predetermines social betrayal: as soon as the Belogorsk fortress falls to Pugachev, Shvabrin goes over to the side of the rebels.

L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”.

Helen Kuragina deceives Pierre into marrying herself, then lies to him all the time, being his wife, disgraces him, makes him unhappy. The heroine uses lies to get rich and take a good position in society.

N.V. Gogol “The Inspector General”.

Khlestakov deceives officials, posing as an auditor. Trying to impress, he makes up many stories about his life in St. Petersburg. Moreover, he lies so delightfully that he himself begins to believe his stories, he feels important and significant.

D.S. Likhachev in “Letters about the good and the beautiful”
D.S. Likhachev in “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” tells how indignant he felt when he learned that on the Borodino field in 1932 the cast-iron monument on Bagration’s grave was blown up. At the same time, someone left a giant inscription on the wall of the monastery, built on the site of the death of another hero, Tuchkov: “It’s enough to preserve the remnants of the slave past!” At the end of the 60s, the Travel Palace was demolished in Leningrad, which even during the war our soldiers tried to preserve and not destroy. Likhachev believes that “the loss of any cultural monument is irreparable: they are always individual.”

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

• In the Rostov family, everything was built on sincerity and kindness, respect for each other and understanding, therefore the children - Natasha, Nikolai, Petya - became truly good people. They are responsive to other people’s pain, able to understand the experiences and suffering others. Suffice it to recall the episode when Natasha gives the order to release the carts loaded with their family valuables in order to give them to the wounded soldiers.
• And in the Kuragin family, where career and money decided everything, both Helen and Anatole are immoral egoists. Both are looking for only benefits in life. They do not know what true love is and are ready to exchange their feelings for wealth.

A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
In the story “The Captain's Daughter,” his father’s instructions helped Pyotr Grinev, even in the most critical moments, to remain an honest person, true to himself and duty. Therefore, the hero evokes respect by his behavior.

N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"
Following his father’s behest to “save a penny,” Chichikov devoted his entire life to hoarding, turning into a man without shame and conscience. Since his school years, he valued only money, so in his life he never had true friends, the family that the hero dreamed of.

L. Ulitskaya “Daughter of Bukhara”
Bukhara, the heroine of L. Ulitskaya’s story “Bukhara’s Daughter,” accomplished a maternal feat, devoting herself entirely to raising her daughter Mila, who had Down syndrome. Even being terminally ill, the mother thought through the entire future life of her daughter: she got a job, found her a new family, a husband, and only after that allowed herself to leave this life.

Zakrutkin V. A. “Mother of Man”
Maria, the heroine of Zakrutkin’s story “Mother of Man,” during the war, having lost her son and husband, took responsibility for her newly born child and for other people’s children, saved them, and became their Mother. And when the first Soviet soldiers entered the burnt farm, it seemed to Maria that she had given birth not only to her son, but to all the war-dispossessed children of the world. That's why she is the Mother of Man.

K.I. Chukovsky “Alive as Life”
K.I. Chukovsky in his book “Alive as Life” analyzes the state of the Russian language, our speech and comes to disappointing conclusions: we ourselves are distorting and mutilating our great and powerful language.

I.S. Turgenev
- Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure, this heritage passed on to us by our predecessors, among whom Pushkin again shines! Treat this powerful instrument with respect: in the hands of skilled people it is capable of performing miracles... Take care of the purity of the language as if it were a shrine!

K.G. Paustovsky
- You can do wonders with the Russian language. There is nothing in life and in our consciousness that could not be conveyed in Russian words... There are no sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would not be an exact expression in our language.

A. P. Chekhov “Death of an Official”
The official Chervyakov in A.P. Chekhov’s story “The Death of an Official” is infected to an incredible degree by the spirit of veneration: having sneezed and splashed the bald head of General Bryzzhalov, who was sitting in front of him (and he did not pay attention to it), the hero was so frightened that that after repeated humiliated requests to forgive him, he died of fear.

A. P. Chekhov “Thick and Thin”
The hero of Chekhov's story "Fat and Thin", the official Porfiry, met a school friend at the Nikolaevskaya railway station and learned that he was a privy councilor, i.e. moved up significantly higher in his career. In an instant, the “subtle” one turns into a servile creature, ready to humiliate himself and fawn.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Molchalin, the negative character of the comedy, is sure that one should please not only “all people without exception,” but even “the janitor’s dog, so that it is affectionate.” The need to tirelessly please also gave birth to his romance with Sophia, the daughter of his master and benefactor Famusov. Maxim Petrovich, the “character” of the historical anecdote that Famusov tells for the edification of Chatsky, in order to earn the favor of the empress, turned into a jester, amusing her with absurd falls.

I. S. Turgenev. "Mu Mu"
The fate of the mute serf Gerasim and Tatiana is decided by the lady. A person has no rights. What could be more terrible?

I. S. Turgenev. "Notes of a Hunter"
In the story “Biryuk,” the main character, a forester nicknamed Biryuk, lives a miserable life, despite conscientiously fulfilling his duties. The social structure of life is unfair.

N. A. Nekrasov “Railway”
The poem talks about who built the railroad. These are workers who were subjected to merciless exploitation. The structure of life, where arbitrariness reigns, is worthy of condemnation. In the Poem “Reflections at the Front Entrance”: peasants came from distant villages with a petition to the nobleman, but they were not accepted and driven away. The authorities do not take into account the position of the people.

L. N. Tolstoy “After the Ball”
The division of Russia into two parts, rich and poor, is shown. The social world is unfair to the weak.

N. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”
There can be nothing holy or right in a world ruled by tyranny, wild and insane.

V.V. Mayakovsky

• In the play “The Bedbug,” Pierre Skripkin dreamed that his house would be “full.” Another hero, a former worker, states: “Whoever fought has the right to rest by a quiet river.” This position was alien to Mayakovsky. He dreamed of the spiritual growth of his contemporaries.

I. S. Turgenev “Notes of a Hunter”
Everyone’s personality is important for the development of the state, but not always talented people can develop their abilities for the benefit of society. For example, in “Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev there are people whose talents the country does not need. Yakov (“The Singers”) gets drunk in a tavern. Truth-seeker Mitya (“Odnodvorets Ovsyannikov”) stands up for the serfs. Forester Biryuk carries out his service responsibly, but lives in poverty. Such people turned out to be unnecessary. They even laugh at them. It's not fair.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"
Despite the terrible details of camp life and the unjust structure of society, Solzhenitsyn's works are optimistic in spirit. The writer proved that even in the last degree of humiliation it is possible to preserve a person within oneself.

A. S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”
A person who is not accustomed to working does not find a worthy place in the life of society.

M. Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”
Pechorin says that he felt strength in his soul, but did not know what to apply it to. Society is such that there is no worthy place for an extraordinary person in it.

And A. Goncharov. "Oblomov"
Ilya Oblomov, a kind and talented person, was unable to overcome himself and reveal his best traits. The reason is the lack of high goals in the life of society.

A.M. Gorky
Many heroes of M. Gorky's stories talk about the meaning of life. The old gypsy Makar Chudra wondered why people worked. The heroes of the story “On the Salt” found themselves in the same dead end. There are wheelbarrows around them, salt dust that eats away their eyes. However, no one became embittered. Good feelings arise in the souls of even such oppressed people. The meaning of life, according to Gorky, is work. Everyone will start working conscientiously - you'll see, and together we will become richer and better. After all, “the wisdom of life is always deeper and more extensive than the wisdom of people.”

M. I. Weller “The Novel of Education”
The meaning of life is for those who themselves devote their activities for the sake of a cause that they consider necessary. The “Novel of Education” by M. I. Weller, one of the most published modern Russian writers, makes you think about this. Indeed, there have always been many purposeful people, and now they live among us.

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"

• The best heroes of the novel, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, saw the meaning of life in the desire for moral self-improvement. Each of them wanted “to be quite good, to bring good to people.”
• All of L.N. Tolstoy’s favorite heroes were engaged in an intense spiritual search. Reading the novel “War and Peace,” it is difficult not to sympathize with Prince Bolkonsky, a thinking, searching man. He read a lot and had an idea about everything. The hero found the meaning of his own life in the defense of the Fatherland. Not for the sake of an ambitious desire for glory, but because of love for the homeland.
• In search of the meaning of life, a person must choose his own direction. In L. N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace,” the fate of Andrei Bolkonsky is a complex path of moral losses and discoveries. The important thing is that, while walking along this thorny road, he retained true human dignity. It is no coincidence that M.I. Kutuzov will tell the hero: “Your road is the road of honor.” I also like extraordinary people who try to live not in vain.

I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”
Even the failures and disappointments of an exceptionally talented person are significant for society. For example, in the novel “Fathers and Sons,” Yevgeny Bazarov, a fighter for democracy, called himself an unnecessary person for Russia. However, his views anticipate the emergence of people capable of greater deeds and noble deeds.

V. Bykov “Sotnikov”
The problem of moral choice: what is better - to save your life at the cost of betrayal (as the hero of the story Rybak does) or to die not as a hero (no one will know about Sotnikov’s heroic death), but to die with dignity. Sotnikov makes a difficult moral choice: he dies while maintaining his human appearance.

M. M. Prishvin “Pantry of the Sun”
During the Great Patriotic War, Mitrasha and Nastya were left without parents. But hard work helped young children not only survive, but also earn the respect of their fellow villagers.

A. P. Platonov “In a beautiful and furious world”
Machinist Maltsev is completely devoted to work, his favorite profession. During a thunderstorm, he became blind, but his friend’s devotion and love for his chosen profession performed a miracle: he, having boarded his favorite locomotive, regained his sight.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn “Matryonin’s Dvor”
The main character has been accustomed to working all her life, helping other people, and although she has not acquired any benefits, she remains a pure soul, a righteous woman.

Ch. Aitmatov Novel “Mother Field”
The leitmotif of the novel is the spiritual responsiveness of hardworking rural women. Aliman, no matter what happens, has been working since dawn on the farm, in the melon patch, in the greenhouse. She feeds the country, the people! And the writer does not see anything higher than this share, this honor.

A.P. Chekhov. The story "Ionych"

• Dmitry Ionych Startsev chose an excellent profession. He became a doctor. However, the lack of perseverance and perseverance turned the once good doctor into a simple man in the street, for whom the main thing in life was money-grubbing and his own well-being. So, it is not enough to choose the right future profession, you need to preserve yourself morally and morally in it.
• The time comes when each of us is faced with choosing a profession. The hero of the story, A.P., dreamed of honestly serving people. Chekhov “Ionych”, Dmitry Startsev. The profession he has chosen is the most humane. However, having settled in a city where the most educated people turned out to be small-minded and narrow-minded, Startsev did not find the strength to resist stagnation and inertia. The doctor turned into a simple man in the street, thinking little about his patients. So, the most valuable condition for not living a boring life is honest creative work, no matter what profession a person chooses.

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"
A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland and people, and who knows how to understand them at the right moment, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are the ordinary people in the novel who carry out their duty without lofty phrases.

F. M. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment"
Rodion Raskolnikov creates his theory: the world is divided into those “who have the right” and “trembling creatures.” According to his theory, a person is capable of creating history, like Mohammed and Napoleon. They commit atrocities in the name of “great goals.” Raskolnikov's theory fails. In fact, true freedom lies in subordinating one's aspirations to the interests of society, in the ability to make the right moral choice.

V. Bykov “Obelisk”
The problem of freedom can be seen especially clearly in V. Bykov’s story “Obelisk”. Teacher Frost had a choice to stay alive or die along with his students. He always taught them goodness and justice. He had to choose death, but he remained a morally free person.

A.M. Gorky "At the Bottom"
Is there a way in the world to break free from the vicious circle of life's worries and desires? M. Gorky tried to answer this question in his play “At the Lower Depths.” In addition, the writer posed another pressing question: can one who has humbled himself be considered a free person? Thus, the contradiction between the slave's truth and individual freedom is an eternal problem.

A. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”
Opposition to evil and tyranny attracted special attention of Russian writers of the 19th century. The oppressive power of evil is shown in A. N. Ostrovsky’s play “The Thunderstorm”. A young, gifted woman, Katerina, is a strong person. She found the strength to challenge tyranny. The conflict between the environment of the “dark kingdom” and the bright spiritual world, unfortunately, ended tragically.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn “Gulag Archipelago”
Pictures of abuse, cruel treatment of political prisoners.

A.A. Akhmatova's Poem "Requiem"
This work is about the repeated arrests of her husband and son; the poem was written under the influence of numerous meetings with mothers and relatives of prisoners in the Cross, a St. Petersburg prison.

N. Nekrasov “In the trenches of Stalingrad”
In Nekrasov’s story there is a terrible truth about the heroism of those people who in a totalitarian state were always considered “cogs” in the huge body of the state machine. The writer mercilessly condemned those who calmly sent people to their deaths, who shot people for a lost sapper shovel, who kept people in fear.

V. Soloukhin
The secret of comprehending beauty, according to the famous publicist V. Soloukhin, lies in admiring life and nature. The beauty scattered in the world will enrich us spiritually if we learn to contemplate it. The author is sure that you need to stop in front of her, “without thinking about time,” only then will she “invite you as an interlocutor.”

K. Paustovsky
The great Russian writer K. Paustovsky wrote that “you need to immerse yourself in nature, as if you plunged your face into a pile of rain-wet leaves and felt their luxurious coolness, their smell, their breath. Simply put, nature must be loved, and this love will find the right ways to express itself with the greatest strength.”

Yu. Gribov
The modern publicist and writer Yu. Gribov argued that “beauty lives in the heart of every person and it is very important to awaken it, not to let it die without waking up.”

V. Rasputin “Deadline”
Children who had come from the city gathered at the bedside of their dying mother. Before her death, the mother seems to go to the place of judgment. She sees that there is no previous mutual understanding between her and the children, the children are separated, they have forgotten about the moral lessons they received in childhood. Anna passes away from life, difficult and simple, with dignity, and her children still have time to live. The story ends tragically. Hurrying about some of their business, the children leave their mother to die alone. Unable to bear such a terrible blow, she dies that same night. Rasputin reproaches the children of the collective farmer for insincerity, moral coldness, forgetfulness and vanity.

K. G. Paustovsky “Telegram”
K. G. Paustovsky's story “Telegram” is not a banal story about a lonely old woman and an inattentive daughter. Paustovsky shows that Nastya is not soulless: she sympathizes with Timofeev, spends a lot of time organizing his exhibition. How could it happen that Nastya, who cares about others, shows inattention to her own mother? It turns out that it is one thing to be passionate about work, to do it with all your heart, to give it all your strength, physical and mental, and another thing to remember about your loved ones, about your mother - the most sacred being in the world, not limiting yourself only to money transfers and short notes. Nastya failed to achieve harmony between worries about those “distant” and love for the person closest to her. This is the tragedy of her situation, this is the reason for the feeling of irreparable guilt, the unbearable heaviness that visits her after the death of her mother and which will settle in her soul forever.

F. M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
The main character of the work, Rodion Raskolnikov, did many good deeds. He is a kind person by nature who takes other people’s pain hard and always helps people. So Raskolnikov saves children from the fire, gives his last money to the Marmeladovs, tries to protect a drunken girl from men pestering her, worries about his sister Dunya, tries to prevent her marriage with Luzhin in order to protect her from humiliation, loves and pities his mother, tries not to bother her with his problems. But Raskolnikov’s trouble is that he chose a completely inappropriate means to achieve such global goals. Unlike Raskolnikov, Sonya does truly beautiful things. She sacrifices herself for the sake of her loved ones because she loves them. Yes, Sonya is a harlot, but she did not have the opportunity to quickly earn money honestly, and her family was dying of hunger. This woman destroys herself, but her soul remains pure, because she believes in God and tries to do good to everyone, loving and compassionate in a Christian way.
Sonya's most beautiful act is saving Raskolnikov...
Sonya Marmeladova's whole life is self-sacrifice. With the power of her love, she elevates Raskolnikov to herself, helps him overcome his sin and resurrect. The actions of Sonya Marmeladova express all the beauty of human action.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Pierre Bezukhov is one of the writer’s favorite heroes. Being at odds with his wife, feeling disgusted by the life in the world that they lead, worrying after his duel with Dolokhov, Pierre involuntarily asks eternal, but such important questions for him: “What is bad? What well? Why live, and what am I?” And when one of the smartest Masonic figures calls on him to change his life and purify himself by serving good, to benefit his neighbor, Pierre sincerely believed “in the possibility of the brotherhood of people united with the goal of supporting each other on the path of virtue.” And Pierre does everything to achieve this goal. what he considers necessary: ​​donates money to the brotherhood, establishes schools, hospitals and shelters, tries to make the life of peasant women with small children easier. His actions are always in harmony with his conscience, and the feeling of rightness gives him confidence in life.

Pontius Pilate sent the innocent Yeshua to execution. For the rest of his life, the procurator was tormented by his conscience; he could not forgive himself for his cowardice. The hero received peace only when Yeshua himself forgave him and said that there was no execution.

F. M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment.”

Raskolnikov killed the old pawnbroker to prove to himself that he was a “superior” being. But after the crime, his conscience torments him, a persecution mania develops, and the hero distances himself from his loved ones. At the end of the novel, he repents of the murder and takes the path of spiritual healing.

M. Sholokhov’s “The Fate of Man”
M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story “The Fate of a Man.” It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who, during the war,
lost all my relatives. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act shows that love and desire
doing good gives a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.

L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”.

The Kuragin family are greedy, selfish, vile people. In pursuit of money and power, they are capable of any immoral acts. So, for example, Helen tricks Pierre into marrying her and takes advantage of his wealth, bringing him a lot of suffering and humiliation.

N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls”.

Plyushkin subordinated his entire life to hoarding. And if at first this was dictated by frugality, then his desire to save crossed all boundaries, he saved on the essentials, lived, limiting himself in everything, and even broke off relations with his daughter, fearing that she would lay claim to his “riches.”

The role of flowers

I.A. Goncharov “Oblomov”.

Oblomov in love gave Olga Ilyinskaya a branch of lilac. Lilac became a symbol of the hero’s spiritual transformation: he became active, cheerful, and cheerful when he fell in love with Olga.

M. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”.

Thanks to the bright yellow flowers in Margarita’s hands, the Master saw her in the gray crowd. The heroes fell in love with each other at first sight and carried their feeling through many trials.

M. Gorky.

The writer recalled that he learned a lot from books. He did not have the opportunity to receive an education, so it was in books that he gained knowledge, an understanding of the world, and knowledge about the laws of literature.

A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”.

Tatyana Larina grew up reading romance novels. Books made her dreamy and romantic. She created for herself an ideal lover, the hero of her novel, whom she dreamed of meeting in real life.

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1. The problem of the influence of genuine art on a person

1. In Russian literature there are many great works that can educate a person, make him better, cleaner. Reading the lines of Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter,” we, together with Pyotr Grinev, go through the path of trials, mistakes, the path of learning the truth, comprehending wisdom, love and mercy. It is no coincidence that the author introduces the story with an epigraph: “Take care of your honor from a young age.” When reading great lines, you want to follow this rule.

2. The problem of morality

1. The problem of morality is one of the key ones in Russian literature, which always teaches, educates, and not just entertains. “War and Peace” by Tolstoy is a novel about the spiritual quest of the main characters, moving towards the highest moral truth through delusions and mistakes. For the great writer, spirituality is the main quality of Pierre Bezukhov, Natasha Rostova, Andrei Bolkonsky. It's worth listening to wise advice master of words, learn from him the highest truths.

2. On the pages of works of Russian literature there are many heroes whose main quality is spirituality and morality. I remember the lines of A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matrenin’s Dvor”. The main character is a simple Russian woman who “didn’t chase after things”, was trouble-free and impractical. But it is precisely these, according to the author, who are the righteous on whom our land rests.

3. Unfortunately, modern society strives more for the material than for the spiritual. Is everything really repeating itself? I remember the lines of V.V. Mayakovsky, who complained that “beautiful people have disappeared from Petrograd”, that many do not care about other people’s misfortune, they think “it’s better to get drunk”, hidden, like the lady from the poem “Nate!” into the “sink of things.”

3 The problem of a person’s relationship to his homeland, small homeland

1 The problem of attitude towards one’s small homeland is raised by V.G. Rasputin in the story “Farewell to Matera”. Those who truly love their native land protect their island from flooding, while strangers are ready to desecrate the graves and burn the huts, which for others, for example for Daria, are not just a home, but a home where parents died and children were born.

2 The theme of the homeland is one of the main ones in Bunin’s work. Having left Russia, he wrote only about it until the end of his days. I remember the lines of “Antonov Apples”, imbued with sad lyricism. The smell of Antonov apples became for the author the personification of his homeland. Russia is shown by Bunin as diverse, contradictory, where the eternal harmony of nature is combined with human tragedies. But whatever the Fatherland, Bunin’s attitude towards it can be defined in one word - love.

3.The theme of the homeland is one of the main ones in Russian literature. The nameless author of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” addresses his native land. The Motherland, the Fatherland, and its fate concern the chronicler. The author is not an outside observer, he mourns her fate and calls on the princes to unity. All the thoughts of the soldiers, exclaiming: “O Russian land! You’re already over the hill!”

4.“No! A person cannot live without a homeland, just as one cannot live without a heart!” - K. Paustovsky exclaims in one of his journalistic articles. He could never exchange the pink sunset on the Ilyinsky Whirlpool for the beautiful landscapes of France or the streets of ancient Rome.

5. In one of his articles, V. Peskov gives examples of our thoughtless, unforgivable attitude towards our native land. Reclamation workers leave rusty pipes, road workers leave lacerations on the body of the earth “Do we want to see our homeland like this? – V. Peskov invites us to think.

6. In his letters about the good and the beautiful” D.S. Likhachev calls for preserving cultural monuments, believing that love for the homeland, native culture, language begins small - “with love for your family, for your home, for your school.” History, according to the publicist, is “love, respect, knowledge”

4. The problem of loneliness

1. It is probably human nature to sometimes be lonely and misunderstood. Sometimes I want to scream after the lyrical hero V.V. Mayakovsky: There are no people. You understand the cry of a thousand days of torment. The soul doesn’t want to go dumb, but who should I tell?

2. It seems to me that sometimes the person himself is guilty of loneliness, having separated himself, like Rodion Raskolnikov, the hero of Dostoevsky’s novel, by pride, the desire for power or crime. You have to be open and kind, then there will be people who will save you from loneliness. The sincere love of Sonya Marmeladova saves Raskolnikov and gives hope for the future.

3. The pages of works of Russian literature teach us to be attentive to parents and old people, not to make them lonely, like Katerina Ivanovna from Paustovsky’s story “Telegram”. Nastya was late for the funeral, but it seems to me that she will be punished by fate, because she will never again have the opportunity to correct her mistakes.

4. I read the lines of M. Yu. Lermontov: “How scary life is in this shackle We have to drag out alone...: These are lines from the poem “Loneliness”, written in 1830. The events of life and the character of the poet contributed to the fact that the motif of loneliness became one of the main ones in the work of the genius of Russian poetry.

5. The problem of attitude to the native language, word

1. I remember the lines from N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls”. One of the lyrical digressions speaks of the author’s careful attitude to the Russian word, which “is so sweeping and lively, so bursting out from under the very heart, so seething and vibrant.” Gogol admires the Russian word and confesses his love for its creator - the Russian people.

2. The lines of Ivan Bunin’s brilliant poem “The Word” sound like a hymn to the word. The poet calls: Know how to protect, at least to the best of your ability, in days of anger and suffering, Our immortal gift - speech.

3. K. Paustovsky in one of his articles talks about the magical properties and wealth of the Russian word. He believes that “Russian words themselves radiate poetry.” In them, according to the writer, the centuries-old experience of the people is hidden. We must learn from the writer a careful and thoughtful attitude towards the native word.

4. “Russians are killing the Russian language” - this is the title of an article by M. Molina, who indignantly says that slang words and all kinds of “thieves” are penetrating our speech. Sometimes an audience of millions is addressed in a language more appropriate in a prison cell than in a civilized society. M. Molina believes that the primary task of the nation is not to let the language die.

6. The problem of the state of modern television, the influence of television on humans

1. What a pity that so few truly worthwhile programs, performances, and films are shown. I will never forget my impressions of the film “Scarecrow” based on the story by V. Zheleznikov. Teenagers can often be cruel, and the story, like the film, teaches kindness, justice, and tolerance towards others, even if they are different from you.

2. I would like to see more kind, bright films shown on television. How many times have I watched the film “The Dawns Here Are Quiet,” based on the story by Boris Vasiliev, and the impression remains as strong as the first time. Sergeant Major Fedot Vaskov and five young girls take on an unequal battle with sixteen Germans. The episode of Zhenya’s death especially shocked me: beauty clashed with death in the struggle for freedom and won. It is such works that teach us to be patriots, not selfish, to think about what is important, and not about how many fashionable things the next pop star has.

7. The problem of ecology, the influence of nature, its beauty on inner world human, the influence of nature on humans

1. Chingiz Aitmatov’s novel “The Scaffold” is a warning to humanity that the world may disappear. The Eternal Moyunkums amaze with the beauty of their landscapes. Animals and birds lived here in complete harmony for thousands of years. But then man invented a weapon, and the blood of helpless saigas is shed, the animals die in the fire. The planet is falling into chaos, evil is taking over. The writer asks us to think about the fact that the fragile world of nature and its existence are in our hands.

2. Reading the story by V.G. Rasputin “Farewell to Matera”, you understand how nature and man are inseparable from each other. The writer warns us how fragile lakes, rivers, islands, forests are - everything that we call the Motherland. The sword of fate is brought over Matera, a beautiful island doomed to flood. Daria Pinigina, the heroine of the story, feels personal responsibility to her deceased ancestors for everything that happens around her. The writer talks about the inseparability of environmental and moral problems. If there is no love for the land that gave birth to you, if you do not feel a blood connection with nature, if you do not see its beauty, then the fruits of civilization become evil, and man, from the king of nature, becomes, according to the writer, a madman.

3. In one of his journalistic articles, V. Soloukhin says that we do not notice the purity of the air, the emerald color of the grass, taking everything for granted: “Grass is grass, there is a lot of it.” But how scary it is to look at the ground scorched by antifreeze, gaping in blackness. We must protect such a familiar and fragile world - planet Earth.

8. The problem of mercy, humanism

1. The pages of works of Russian literature teach us to be merciful to those who, due to various circumstances or social injustice, find themselves at the bottom of their lives or in a difficult situation. The stories of A.S. Pushkin “The Station Warden”, which tells about Samson Vyrin, for the first time in Russian literature showed that any person deserves sympathy, respect, compassion, no matter what level of the social ladder he is at.

2. In one of his journalistic articles, D. Granin argues that mercy, unfortunately, is leaving our lives. We have forgotten how to sympathize and sympathize. “To take away mercy means to deprive a person of one of the most important effective manifestations of morality,” writes the publicist. He is sure that this feeling must be cultivated in a person from childhood, because if it is not used, it “weakens and atrophies.”

3. Let us remember Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of a Man.” “Sprinkled with ashes” the soldier’s eyes saw the grief of the little man, the Russian soul was not hardened by countless losses

9. The problem of the relationship between “fathers” and “children” 1. The eternal problem of generational conflict is considered on the pages of the novel “Fathers and Sons” by I. S. Turgenev. Bazarov, a representative of the younger generation, strives to correct society, but at the same time sacrifice some “little things” - love, the traditions of his ancestors, art. Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov cannot see the positive qualities of his opponent. This is the conflict of generations. Young people do not listen to the wise advice of their elders, and “fathers”, due to their age, cannot accept new, often progressive. Each generation, in my opinion, needs to compromise in order to avoid contradictions.

2. The heroine of V. Rasputin’s story “The Deadline,” old woman Anna, is tormented not because she is about to die, but because her family has actually broken up. That there is a sense of alienation between her children. .

11 The problem of cruelty modern world, of people; problem of violence

1. The lines of Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” teach us a great truth: cruelty, murder, “Blood according to conscience”, invented by Raskolnikov, is absurd, because only God can give life or take it. Dostoevsky tells us that to be cruel, to transgress the great commandments of goodness and mercy means to destroy one’s own soul.

2. The heroine of V.P. Astafiev’s story “Lyudochka” came to the city to work. She was brutally abused, and the girl suffers, but finds no sympathy from either her mother or Gavrilovna. The human circle did not become a lifeline for the heroine, and she committed suicide.

3. The cruelty of the modern world bursts into our homes from television screens. Blood is shed every minute, correspondents savor the details of the disasters, like vultures, circling over the bodies of the dead, accustoming our hearts to indifference and aggression.

12 The problem of true and false values.

1. In A.P. Chekhov’s short story “Rodschild’s Violin” important questions morality. Jacob Bronza, an undertaker, counts losses, especially if someone was terminally ill but did not die. Even with his wife, to whom he has not said a single kind word, he takes measurements to make a coffin. Only before his death does the hero understand what true losses are. This is the lack of good relationships in the family, love, mercy and compassion. These are the only true values ​​for which life is worth living.

2. Let us remember the immortal lines of Gogol’s “Dead Souls”, when Chichikov at the governor’s ball chooses who to approach - the “fat” or the “thin”. The hero strives only for wealth, and at any cost, so he joins the “fat people”, where he finds all the familiar faces. This is his moral choice that determines his future fate.

13 The problem of honor, conscience.

The problem of conscience is one of the main ones in V.G. Rasputin’s story “Live and Remember.” A meeting with her deserter husband becomes both joy and torment for the main character, Nastena Guskova. Before the war, they dreamed of a child, and now, when Andrei is forced to hide, fate gives them such a chance. Nastena feels like a criminal, because the pangs of conscience cannot be compared with anything, so the heroine commits a terrible sin - she throws herself into the river, destroying both herself and her unborn child.

2. In Russian literature there are many great works that can educate a person, make him better, cleaner. Reading the lines of Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter,” we, together with Pyotr Grinev, go through the path of trials, mistakes, the path of learning the truth, comprehending wisdom, love and mercy. It is no coincidence that the author introduces the story with an epigraph: “Take care of your honor from a young age.” When reading great lines, you want to follow this rule.

14 The problem of the spiritual value of a book in the upbringing and education of a person

1. The book has been and remains an important factor in the upbringing and education of a person. She teaches us love, honor, kindness, mercy. The lines of Pushkin’s poem “The Prophet” come to mind, in which the great poet defined the mission of the poet, writer, the mission of the art of words - “to burn the hearts of people with a verb.” Books teach us beautiful things, help us live according to the laws of goodness and conscience.

2. There are eternal books on which more than one generation has been brought up. The terms of M. Gorky's story “Old Woman Izergil” tell the story of Danko, who with his burning heart illuminated the path for people, showing us an example of true love for a person, an example of fearlessness and selflessness.

15 The problem of moral choice between good and evil, lies and truth

1. On the pages of Russian literature there are many examples when the heroes of works are faced with a choice between good and evil, truth and lies. The hero of Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment, Rodion Raskolnikov, is obsessed with a diabolical idea. “Am I a trembling creature or do I have the right?” - he asks a question. There is a struggle between dark and light forces in his heart, and only through blood, murder and terrible spiritual torment does he come to the truth that it is not cruelty, but love and mercy that can save.

2. Evil brought to people, according to the great writer F.M. Dostoesky, always turns against the person himself, killing part of the soul. Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin, hero of the novel “Crime and Punishment” - acquirer, business man. This is a scoundrel by conviction who puts only money first. This hero is a warning to us living in the 21st century that forgetting eternal truths always leads to disaster.

3. The hero of Viktor Astafiev’s story “The Horse with a Pink Mane” forever remembered the lesson. By deceiving my grandmother. The most terrible punishment for his conscience was the gingerbread horse, which the grandmother still bought for the boy, despite his offense.

4. Famous literary scholar Yu.M. Lotman, in one of his journalistic articles, addressing students and young people, argued that a person faces many situations when the opportunity to choose arises. It is important that this choice is dictated by conscience.

16 The problem of fascism, nationalism

1. The problem of nationalism is raised in his story “The Golden Cloud Spent the Night” by Anatoly Pristavkin. The author, talking about repressions against Chechens, condemns the division of people along ethnic lines.

17 The problem of drug addiction

The problem of drug addiction is primarily a problem of morality. The hero of Chingiz Aitmatov’s novel “The Scaffold” Grishan, the leader of a group of guys collecting and distributing drugs, does not think about the fact that he is ruining someone’s life. For him and others like him, the main thing is profit, money. The young guys are faced with a choice: who to go with - Grishan or Avdiy, who is trying to save them. Unfortunately, they choose evil. Talking about this, the author talks about the relevance of the problem of drug addiction, about its moral origins. 18 The problem of passion for computers, computer addiction

1. It is impossible to stop civilization, but no computer will ever replace either live communication or a good book that makes you think, and not just download ready-made information. Bulgakov's novel "The Master and Margarita" can be reread many times. I didn’t like his film adaptation; it seemed like a crude fake. You have to read for yourself about eternal love, about ancient Yershalaim, Yeshua and Pontius Pilate, pondering every word. Only then can we understand what the author wanted to tell us.

19 The problem of motherhood

1.A mother will do anything for her child. The heroine of Maxim Gorky's novel "Mother" became a revolutionary, discovered a new world for herself, a world of completely different human relationships, learned to read in order to be closer to her son, whom she trusted in everything, whose truth she shared unconditionally.

2. In his journalistic article “Forgive me, Mom...” the writer A. Aleksin is sure that it is necessary in time, during the mothers’ lifetime, to tell them all the good things, to do everything possible for them, because mothers give their children their last and never demand anything.

20 The problem of the influence of mass culture on people

1. The so-called mass culture even tries to make books disposable and easy to read. Bookstore shelves are full of novels by Ustinova, Dashkova and the like. Same plots, similar characters. It is a pity that there is no demand for poetry, for works of spiritual content. They do not bring in as much income as paperback books. I take a volume of Blok and am amazed at its depth and uniqueness. Isn't it modern? We copy the West instead of going our own way. Blok speaks about the chosenness of Russia: Russia is the Sphinx. Rejoicing and mourning, And shedding black blood, She looks, looks, looks at you, And with hatred and with love

(Arguments were compiled by the teacher of Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 19 of Korenevsk, Krasnodar Territory, Guzya Svetlana Anatolyevna)